SEPIC.tex - Revision history

Rational Point: /* Source code for File:SEPIC.pdf */

2026-04-24T14:13:47Z

Source code for File:SEPIC.pdf

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:13, 24 April 2026
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	$$		$$

	Increasing the duty cycle $\tau/T$ will increase the potential $V_{P_\textrm{off}}$ which is available at the output less the forward drop through the diode $D_1$, but it will correspondingly decrease the clock-cycle-averaged current available at the increased potential. A Pulse Width Modulator with a feedback loop will assist in maintaining a stable output potential from a variable input potential from solar panels.		Increasing the duty cycle $D=\tau/T$ will increase the potential $V_{P_\textrm{off}}$ which is available at the output less the forward drop through the diode $D_1$, but it will correspondingly decrease the clock-cycle-averaged current available at the increased potential. A Pulse Width Modulator with a feedback loop will assist in maintaining a stable output potential from a variable input potential from solar panels.

	\section{Energy transfer per clock cycle}		\section{Energy transfer per clock cycle}
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	Zhang \cite{zhang} suggests choosing inductors of a value that will allow a 40\% ripple in current at the switching frequency. In effect, that causes perhaps 64\% of the total energy stored in an inductor to be transferred each clock cycle, which appears to be a good practical limit of tolerable ``ripple'' under conditions of light load or open circuit among other considerations.		Zhang \cite{zhang} suggests choosing inductors of a value that will allow a 40\% ripple in current at the switching frequency. In effect, that causes perhaps 64\% of the total energy stored in an inductor to be transferred each clock cycle, which appears to be a good practical limit of tolerable ``ripple'' under conditions of light load or open circuit among other considerations.

	We suggest using heavy gauge wire on a heavy iron core to carry large currents to avoid overheating and/or saturating the core. This only permits relatively few turns of wire and will not result in any excessively large inductance.		We suggest using heavy gauge wire on a heavy iron core to carry large currents to avoid overheating and/or saturating the core. This only permits relatively few turns of wire and will not result in any excessively large inductance. However this approach limits the system to low frequencies.

	The capacitors in a coupled SEPIC system are movable~~, and~~ their exact values do not seem to be critical.		The capacitors in a coupled SEPIC system are movable: their exact values and placements do not seem to be critical, and may need to be determined experimentally.

	\section{Size and scale of systems proposed}		\section{Size and scale of systems proposed}
Line 267:		Line 267:

	The selection of components is based on how much ``ripple voltage'' and possible overheating of components we are willing to tolerate versus how much money we can afford and are willing to spend on bigger and better components for reliability and smoothness of the power supply system.		The selection of components is based on how much ``ripple voltage'' and possible overheating of components we are willing to tolerate versus how much money we can afford and are willing to spend on bigger and better components for reliability and smoothness of the power supply system.

			It is particularly important to pay attention to officially published datasheets on electronic component parts and ICs. Those are the legal contracts of technical specifications on which the chips are sold, and they contain all the information you need to know from the manufacturer on the particular product you are using. Other comments or opinions from engineers or salesmen, personal or otherwise, are ultimately irrelevant, as they have presumably already stated all of the information to which they can be held accountable on the datasheet.

			Once you ``make'' or ``build,'' you are no longer a consumer but a potential competitor and arch-rival making a possibly hostile use of the firm's component parts which you are effectively taking over and re-purposing as parts of your own final product. So if you are in direct competition with that firm, you would be well advised to avoid any ``vendor lock-in'' and be prepared to find alternatives or substitutes for their component parts.

			\begin{quote}
			``We sell electronic component parts and chips, and we have engineers who would love to talk to you about the technical details, but (obviously) our goals and objectives are merely to protect and defend our intellectual property and if at all possible to prevent you from making or building anything in direct competition with any of our own products.''
			\end{quote}

			\noindent To view the published datasheet with such a jaundiced eye and jaded opinions, the Amish farmer's honesty won't permit it at all.

	\subsection{Power MOSFETs or IGBTs}		\subsection{Power MOSFETs or IGBTs}
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	The ``Arduino'' also has a rudimentary pulse width modulation ``analog output'' running at about 0.5~kHz \cite{arduino-pwm}, which is adequate for our purposes as long as we design and plan for the very low frequency.		The ``Arduino'' also has a rudimentary pulse width modulation ``analog output'' running at about 0.5~kHz \cite{arduino-pwm}, which is adequate for our purposes as long as we design and plan for the very low frequency.
	~~\subsection{Logic level power supply}~~

	\begin{figure}		\begin{figure}
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	\draw (2,6) node[circ]{} to[resistor, label=$R_2$] ++(0,-3) node[circ, name=qb0]{}		\draw (2,6) node[circ]{} to[resistor, label=$R_2$] ++(0,-3) node[circ, name=qb0]{}
	to[zzDo, invert, label=$D_2$] ++(0,-3) node[circ]{};		to[zzDo, invert, label=$D_2$] ++(0,-3) node[circ]{};
	\draw (4,3) node[~~pnp~~, name=q1]{$Q_2$};		\draw (4,3) node[npn, name=q1]{$Q_2$};
	\draw (qb0) -- (q1.base);		\draw (qb0) -- (q1.base);
	\draw (2,6) -- ++(2,0) -- (q1.~~emitter~~);		\draw (2,6) -- ++(2,0) -- (q1.collector);
	\draw (2,0) -- ++(3,0) node[circ, name=j3]{} -- ++(2,0) node[circ, name=j4]{} -- ++(1,0) node[ocirc, label=$GND$]{};		\draw (2,0) -- ++(3,0) node[circ, name=j3]{} -- ++(2,0) node[circ, name=j4]{} -- ++(1,0) node[ocirc, label=$GND$]{};
	\draw (q1.~~collector~~) -- ++(1,0) node[circ, name=j1]{} to[cute inductor, inductors/coils=3, label=$L_4$]		\draw (q1.emitter) -- ++(1,0) node[circ, name=j1]{} to[cute inductor, inductors/coils=3, label=$L_4$]
	++(2,0) node[circ, name=j2]{} -- ++(1,0) node[ocirc, label=$V_{CC}$]{};		++(2,0) node[circ, name=j2]{} -- ++(1,0) node[ocirc, label=$V_{CC}$]{};
	\node[~~below~~ right, font=\scriptsize] at (q1.emitter){$E$};		\node[above right, font=\scriptsize] at (q1.emitter){$E$};
	\node[~~below~~, font=\scriptsize] at (q1.base){$B$};		\node[above, font=\scriptsize] at (q1.base){$B$};
	\node[~~above~~ right, font=\scriptsize] at (q1.collector){$C$};		\node[below right, font=\scriptsize] at (q1.collector){$C$};
	\draw (j1) to[curved capacitor, label=$C_5$] (j3);		\draw (j1) to[curved capacitor, label=$C_5$] (j3);
	\draw (j2) to[curved capacitor, label=$C_6$] (j4);		\draw (j2) to[curved capacitor, label=$C_6$] (j4);
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	\end{figure}		\end{figure}

			\subsection{Logic level power supply}
	A simple Zener diode voltage regulator with a transistor current buffer \cite{zd-tr} as depicted in Figure~\ref{f2} should be used to power logic level circuits directly from highly variable power supplies if possible. This simple circuit also has the effect of an undervoltage lockout or UVLO \cite{uvlo-se}. Some hysteresis \cite{uvlo-h} would be desirable in order to avoid an amplified chattering effect from transistor $Q_2$ when the voltage supply is barely adequate and teetering at the edge of the lockout level.		A simple Zener diode voltage regulator with a transistor current buffer \cite{zd-tr} as depicted in Figure~\ref{f2} should be used to power logic level circuits directly from highly variable power supplies if possible. This simple circuit also has the effect of an undervoltage lockout or UVLO \cite{uvlo-se}. Some hysteresis \cite{uvlo-h} would be desirable in order to avoid an amplified chattering effect from transistor $Q_2$ when the voltage supply is barely adequate and teetering at the edge of the lockout level.

Rational Point at 03:44, 24 April 2026

2026-04-24T03:44:14Z

Show changes

Rational Point: Arduino

2026-04-17T05:54:51Z

Arduino

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:54, 17 April 2026
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	url = {https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters}		url = {https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters}
	}		}
			@article{arduino-pwm,
			author = {Timothy Hirzel},
			title = {Basics of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)},
			journal = {Arduino Docs},
			year = {2022},
			url = {https://docs.arduino.cc/learn/microcontrollers/analog-output/}
			}

	\end{filecontents}		\end{filecontents}
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	\subsubsection{Low frequency}		\subsubsection{Low frequency}

	The LM555 \cite{LM555} or similar ICs from many manufacturers may be used for frequencies below 20~kHz, but the 555 is a general purpose timer which will require additional customization and circuitry to use specifically for pulse width modulation. There is no reason we cannot go as low as 400, 60 or even 50~Hz. Larger inductors and capacitors will be required in these cases, but the converter will be more efficient may produce smoother, cleaner power.		The LM555 \cite{LM555} or similar ICs from many manufacturers may be used for frequencies below 20~kHz, but the 555 is a general purpose timer which will require additional customization and circuitry to use specifically for pulse width modulation. There is no reason we cannot go as low as 400, 60 or even 50~Hz. Larger inductors and capacitors will be required in these cases, but the converter will be more efficient and may produce smoother, cleaner power.

			The ``Arduino'' also has a rudimentary pulse width modulation ``analog output'' running at about 0.5~kHz \cite{arduino-pwm}, which is adequate for our purposes as long as we design and plan for the very low frequency.

	\subsection{The feedback loop}		\subsection{The feedback loop}

Rational Point: something is missing

2026-04-17T05:15:27Z

something is missing

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:15, 17 April 2026
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	url = {https://www.ti.com/product/LM555}		url = {https://www.ti.com/product/LM555}
	}		}
			@article{panasonic-lc,
			author = {{Panasonic}},
			title = {Basic Knowledge of LC Filters},
			journal = {Panasonic Industry: Optimal solution for circuit design: Basic Knowledge of LC Filters},
			url = {https://industrial.panasonic.com/ww/ds/ss/technical/b4},
			year = {2018}
			}
			@article{mp-sepic,
			author = {{Monolithic Power}},
			title = {SEPIC Converters},
			journal = {MPScholar // Power Electronics // DC/DC Converters},
			url = {https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters}
			}


	\end{filecontents}		\end{filecontents}
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	\draw (2,3) node[circ]{} to[cute inductor, inductors/coils=5, l_=$L_1$, name=l1] ++(2,0) node[circ]{}		\draw (2,3) node[circ]{} to[cute inductor, inductors/coils=5, l_=$L_1$, name=l1] ++(2,0) node[circ]{}
	to[curved capacitor, label=$C_2$] ++(2,0) node[circ]{}		to[curved capacitor, label=$C_2$] ++(2,0) node[circ]{}
	to[sDo, label=$D_1$, name=d1] ++(2,0)		to[sDo, label=$D_1$, name=d1] ++(2,0) node[circ]{}
	to[cute choke, inductors/coils=3, label=$L_3$] ++(2,0) -- ++(0,-0.5) node[circ]{}		to[cute choke, inductors/coils=3, label=$L_3$] ++(2,0) -- ++(0,-0.5) node[circ]{}
	to[european resistor, label=$R_1$] ++(0,-2.5) -- ++(-2,0);		to[european resistor, label=$R_1$] ++(0,-2.5) -- ++(-2,0);
Line 146:		Line 160:
	\draw[thick, double] (l1.core west) -- (l1.core east);		\draw[thick, double] (l1.core west) -- (l1.core east);
	\draw[thick, double] (l2.core west) -- (l2.core east);		\draw[thick, double] (l2.core west) -- (l2.core east);
	\draw (10,~~2.5) -- ++(-1,0~~) to[curved capacitor, l_=$C_3$] ++(0,-2.5) node[circ]{}		\draw (8,3) to[curved capacitor, l_=$C_3$] ++(0,-2) -- ++(0,-1) node[circ]{}
	-- ++(-3,0);		-- ++(-2,0);
	\draw (Q1.G) --++ (0,-1) to[square voltage source, l_=$PWM$] ++(0,-2) node[ground]{};		\draw (Q1.G) --++ (0,-1) to[square voltage source, l_=$PWM$] ++(0,-2) node[ground]{};
	\draw (10,0) node[circ]{} -- ++(0,-1.75) node[ground]{};		\draw (10,0) node[circ]{} -- ++(0,-1.75) node[ground]{};
	\draw (9,2.5) node[circ]{} -- ++(-1.33,0) -- ++(0,-3~~.25~~) -- ++ (-3.67,0) node[vcc, rotate=90, label={\qquad\qquad feedback}]{};		\draw (10,2.5) node[circ]{} -- ++(-1,0) to[curved capacitor, l_=$C_4$] ++(0,-2.5) node[circ]{};
			\draw (10,2.25) node[circ]{} -- ++(-0.4,0) -- ++(0,-3) -- ++ (-5.6,0) node[vcc, rotate=90, label={\qquad\qquad feedback}]{};
	\end{circuitikz}		\end{circuitikz}
	\end{center}		\end{center}
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	\section{Introduction}		\section{Introduction}

	The SEPIC is one of a number of regulated switching power supply topologies, among which are included various versions of Buck, Boost, Buck--Boost, Flyback, Zeta and \'Cuk\footnote{Named after the prolific Serbo-Croatian--American inventor Slobodan \'Cuk of the California Institute of Technology.} DC-to-DC converters, to name a few.		The SEPIC \cite{mp-sepic} is one of a number of regulated switching power supply topologies, among which are included various versions of Buck, Boost, Buck--Boost, Flyback, Zeta and \'Cuk\footnote{Named after the prolific Serbo-Croatian--American inventor Slobodan \'Cuk of the California Institute of Technology.} DC-to-DC converters, to name a few as if one would have attended a conference or presentation in Las Vegas on various get-rich-quick schemes.

			We are confronting a pernicious problem with obnoxious patent issuances and intellectual property lawsuits over standard, commonly taught, well-known, and legally unpatentable designs. When obnoxious patents are licensed as intellectual property, and royalties are collected, the patented inventions tend to be manufactured under paid suit-and-tie licenses and shady contracts with substandard parts and sold as consumer junk.

			We have not been seeing the quality we are after, particularly the details of filtering and smoothing the power supply, including the LC filter on the output in Figure~\ref{f1}, which is omitted in most introductory diagrams, but really essential in practice \cite{panasonic-lc}, probably with some field testing.

	\section{Discussion of the SEPIC topology}		\section{Discussion of the SEPIC topology}
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	\section{Size and scale of systems proposed}		\section{Size and scale of systems proposed}

	We propose off-grid solar electric power systems for use by ``sovereign citizens'' or ``freemen on the land'' (or even banks or broker houses that desire back-up power and money savings at the city electric meter) with about a dozen solar panels rated at ~~18V~~ and ~~200W~~ each, all connected in parallel to serve a common automotive-like ~~12V~~ electrical system for which many accessories are commonly available, as well as inverters to ~~generate 110VAC~~ if desired.		We propose off-grid solar electric power systems for use by ``sovereign citizens'' or ``freemen on the land'' (or even banks or broker houses that desire back-up power and money savings at the city electric meter) with about a dozen solar panels rated at 18~V and 200~W each, all connected in parallel to serve a common automotive-like 12~V electrical system for which many accessories are commonly available, as well as inverters to produce 110~VAC if desired.

	\section{Selection of components and bill of materials}		\section{Selection of components and bill of materials}
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	\subsection{Power MOSFETs or IGBTs}		\subsection{Power MOSFETs or IGBTs}

	For $Q_1$ in Figure~\ref{f1}, the Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 \cite{IXFN520N075T2} or the Vishay VS-FC420SA10 \cite{VS-FC420SA10} might be useful. IGBTs are better than MOSFETs for higher frequency switching but are much less desireable for a low-voltage system because of ~~the~~ forward voltage drop. ~~Power MOSFETs may also require a~~ higher gate voltage to turn on.		For $Q_1$ in Figure~\ref{f1}, the Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 \cite{IXFN520N075T2} or the Vishay VS-FC420SA10 \cite{VS-FC420SA10} might be useful. IGBTs are better than MOSFETs for higher frequency switching but are much less desireable for a low-voltage system because of a greater forward voltage drop. On the other hand, the higher gate voltage required to turn them on is a possible disadvantage of MOSFETs.

	\subsection{Power Schottky rectifier diodes}		\subsection{Power Schottky rectifier diodes}
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	\subsection{Power audio capacitors}		\subsection{Power audio capacitors}

	We suggest using power audio capacitors from a music supply store \cite{apmcap,bossaudiocap} for the capacitors $C_1$, $C_2$ and $C_3$ in Figure~\ref{f1}, and certainly for that matter our proposed system will be capable of powering the high-end stereo systems offered at those stores. Check ratings carefully for use with 18--24 V. It may be possible to use two identical capacitors in series to double the voltage rating. Some care will be needed to switch them on to avoid a short-circuit inrush current.		We suggest using power audio capacitors from a music supply store \cite{apmcap,bossaudiocap} for the capacitors $C_1$, $C_2$ and $C_3$ in Figure~\ref{f1}, and certainly for that matter our proposed system will be capable of powering the high-end stereo systems offered at those stores. Check ratings carefully for use with 18--24~V. It may be possible to use two identical capacitors in series to double the voltage rating. Some care will be needed to switch them on to avoid a short-circuit inrush current.

	\subsection{Heavy iron inductors and power chokes}		\subsection{Heavy iron inductors and power chokes}
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	\subsubsection{High frequency}		\subsubsection{High frequency}

	The LM515xx series \cite{LM5155,LM51551,LM5156H,LM51561,LM51561H} of pulse width modulators offer a dynamically programmable switching frequency ranging from 100 kHz to 2.2 MHz. Switching in the megahertz range for our application may incur excessive power losses and inefficiency in the large power MOSFETs \cite{STPS200170TV1,VS-203CNQ100PbF}.		The LM515xx series \cite{LM5155,LM51551,LM5156H,LM51561,LM51561H} of pulse width modulators offer a dynamically programmable switching frequency ranging from 100~kHz to 2.2~MHz. Switching in the megahertz range for our application may incur excessive power losses and inefficiency in the large power MOSFETs \cite{STPS200170TV1,VS-203CNQ100PbF}, although the reason high frequencies have been used for this purpose was to enable a greater power transfer through inductors and capacitors that can hold only a fixed amount of energy per clock cycle.

	\subsubsection{Medium frequency}		\subsubsection{Medium frequency}

	The TL5001xx series PWMs \cite{TL5001,TL5001A,TL5001M,TL5001AM} operate in the range of 20 kHz to 500 kHz.		The TL5001xx series PWMs \cite{TL5001,TL5001A,TL5001M,TL5001AM} operate in the range of 20~kHz to 500~kHz. These chips are older, rather outdated, and no longer under active development, but they are still in production.

	\subsubsection{Low frequency}		\subsubsection{Low frequency}

	The LM555 \cite{LM555} or similar ICs from many manufacturers may be used for frequencies below 20 kHz, but the 555 is a general purpose timer which will require additional customization and circuitry to use specifically for pulse width modulation.		The LM555 \cite{LM555} or similar ICs from many manufacturers may be used for frequencies below 20~kHz, but the 555 is a general purpose timer which will require additional customization and circuitry to use specifically for pulse width modulation. There is no reason we cannot go as low as 400, 60 or even 50~Hz. Larger inductors and capacitors will be required in these cases, but the converter will be more efficient may produce smoother, cleaner power.

	\subsection{The feedback loop}		\subsection{The feedback loop}

Rational Point: new section; more refs

2026-04-14T04:09:05Z

new section; more refs

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
+}
 \begin{filecontents}[overwrite,nosearch]{\currfilebase.bib}
 	@misc{IXFN520N075T2,
 		author = {{Littelfuse/IXYS}},
@@ Line 154: / Line 167: @@
 When $Q_1$ is switched on by the $PWM$, the current through $L_1$ increases, and when  $Q_1$ is switched off, the remaining magnetic flux in the iron core forces the current through the other winding $L_2$ past the diode $D_1$ to keep the capacitor $C_3$ charged and continue supplying power to the load resistance $R_1$. This is omitting $C_2$ from consideration, and depending on mutual inductance alone.
-However the circuit will still function if the inductors $L_1$ and $L_2$ are \textit{not} coupled and $C_2$ is present. In this case, $C_2$ is discharged by current flowing through $L_2$ when $Q_1$ is switched on, and additional supply current is admitted through $L_1$. Now when $Q_1$ is switched off, $C_2$ is charged again by current continuing through $L_1$, and the current that was flowing through $L_2$ as $C_2$ was discharging is suddenly switched and forced through the diode $D_1$ instead.
+However the circuit will still function if the inductors $L_1$ and $L_2$ are \textit{not} coupled and $C_2$ is present. See \cite{falco2025}. In this case, $C_2$ is discharged by current flowing through $L_2$ when $Q_1$ is switched on, and additional supply current is admitted through $L_1$. Now when $Q_1$ is switched off, $C_2$ is charged again by current continuing through $L_1$, and the current that was flowing through $L_2$ as $C_2$ was discharging is suddenly switched and forced through the diode $D_1$ instead.
 When the inductors $L_1$ and $L_2$ are coupled, and $C_2$ is present, there is additional redundancy, stability, and reliability for the circuit.
@@ Line 181: / Line 194: @@
 Increasing the duty cycle $\tau/T$ will increase the potential $V_{P_\textrm{off}}$ which is available at the output less the forward drop through the diode $D_1$, but it will correspondingly decrease the clock-cycle-averaged current available at the increased potential. A Pulse Width Modulator with a feedback loop will assist in maintaining a stable output potential from a variable input potential from solar panels.
 \section{Size and scale of systems proposed}

Rational Point: source code

2026-04-13T23:51:20Z

source code

New page

<syntaxhighlight lang="latex" line="">
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{currfile}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage[american]{circuitikz}
\usepackage[backend=biber, style=numeric]{biblatex}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{
colorlinks=true,
linkcolor=blue,
filecolor=magenta,
urlcolor=cyan,
pdftitle={Controlling and Driving the SEPIC}
}
\begin{filecontents}[overwrite,nosearch]{\currfilebase.bib}
@misc{IXFN520N075T2,
author = {{Littelfuse/IXYS}},
title = {IXFN520N075T2: DiscMSFT NChTrenchGateGen2 SOT-227B(mini | Series: Gen2},
url = {https://www.littelfuse.com/products/power-semiconductors-control-ics/mosfets-si-sic/n-channel-trench-gate/gen2/ixfn520n075t2}
}
@misc{VS-FC420SA10,
author = {{Vishay Semiconductors}},
title = {VS-FC420SA10 PRODUCT INFORMATION:
SOT-227 Power Module Single Switch - Power MOSFET, 420 A},
url = {https://www.vishay.com/en/product/95793/}
}
@misc{STPS200170TV1,
author={{ST Microelectronics}},
title={STPS200170TV1: 170 V, 200 A dual Power Schottky Rectifier},
url={https://www.st.com/en/diodes-and-rectifiers/stps200170tv1.html}
}
@misc{VS-203CNQ100PbF,
author = {{Vishay Semiconductors}},
title = {VS-203CNQ100PbF PRODUCT INFORMATION:
High Performance Schottky Rectifier, 200 A},
url = {https://www.vishay.com/en/product/94155/}
}
@misc{apmcap,
author = {{Absolute Pro Music}},
title = {Search for ``capacitor'' ...},
url = {https://absolutepromusic.com/search?q=capacitor}
}
@misc{bossaudiocap,
author = {{Boss Audio}},
title = {Search for ``capacitor'' ...},
url = {https://bossaudio.com/collections/sale?q=capacitor}
}
@misc{LM5155,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {LM5155: 2.2-MHz wide VIN, 1.5-A MOSFET driver, non-synchronous boost controller},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/LM5155}
}
@misc{LM51551,
author={{Texas Instruments}},
title = {LM51551: 2.2-MHz wide VIN nonsynchronous boost, flyback, {\&} SEPIC controller with hiccup},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/LM51551}
}
@misc{LM5156H,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {LM5156H: 2.2-MHz wide VIN nonsynchronous boost, flyback, {\&} SEPIC controller with dual random spread spectrum},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/LM5156H}
}
@misc{LM51561,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {LM51561: 2.2MHz Wide Input Nonsynchronous Boost, SEPIC, Flyback Controller with Spread Spectrum},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/LM51561}
}
@misc{LM51561H,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {LM51561H: 2.2-MHz wide VIN nonsynchronous boost, flyback, {\&} SEPIC controller with spread spectrum and hiccup},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/LM51561H}
}
@misc{TL5001,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {TL5001: PWM Controller with wide input range, with \textpm 5{\%} tolerance on reference, operation --20\textdegree C to 85\textdegree C},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001}
}
@misc{TL5001A,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {TL5001A: PWM Controller with wide input range, with \textpm 3{\%} tolerance on reference, operation --20\textdegree C to 85\textdegree C},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001A}
}
@misc{TL5001M,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {TL5001M: PWM Controller with wide input range, with \textpm 5{\%} tolerance on reference, operation --55\textdegree C to 125\textdegree C},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001M}
}
@misc{TL5001AM,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {TL5001AM: PWM Controller with wide input range, with \textpm 3{\%} tolerance on reference, operation --55\textdegree C to 125\textdegree C},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001AM}
}
@misc{LM555,
author = {{Texas Instruments}},
title = {LM555: Highly Stable 555 Timer},
url = {https://www.ti.com/product/LM555}
}

\end{filecontents}
\addbibresource{\currfilebase.bib}
%opening
\title{Controlling and Driving the SEPIC}
\author{--- NON-PUBLISHED WORK-IN-PROGRESS ---}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
Investigating the ``Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter'' for use with residential, rooftop, commercial or industrial solar panels. The purpose of this study is to gain a more thorough understanding of the theory of operation of switching power supplies and ``charge controllers'' for solar panel systems before putting it in practice.
\end{abstract}
\tableofcontents
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\begin{circuitikz}
\draw (2,3) -- ++(-2,0) to[pvsource, invert, l_=$V_1$] ++(0,-3) -- ++(2,0);
\draw (2,3) node[circ]{} to[cute inductor, inductors/coils=5, l_=$L_1$, name=l1] ++(2,0) node[circ]{}
to[curved capacitor, label=$C_2$] ++(2,0) node[circ]{}
to[sDo, label=$D_1$, name=d1] ++(2,0)
to[cute choke, inductors/coils=3, label=$L_3$] ++(2,0) -- ++(0,-0.5) node[circ]{}
to[european resistor, label=$R_1$] ++(0,-2.5) -- ++(-2,0);
\draw (2,3) to[curved capacitor, l_=$C_1$] ++(0,-3) node[circ]{}
-- ++(2,0) node[circ]{};
\draw (4,1.5) node[nigfete, solderdot](Q1){$Q_1$};
\node [right, font=\tiny] at (Q1.S) {S};
\node [right, font=\tiny] at (Q1.D) {D};
\node [above, font=\tiny] at (Q1.G) {G};
\draw (Q1.D) -- (4,3); \draw (Q1.S) -- (4,0);
\draw (4,0) -- ++(2,0) node[circ]{} to[cute inductor, inductors/coils=5, l_=$L_2$, name=l2] ++(0,3);
\path (l1.lr dot) node[circ]{} (l2.lr dot) node[circ]{};
\draw[thick, double] (l1.core west) -- (l1.core east);
\draw[thick, double] (l2.core west) -- (l2.core east);
\draw (10,2.5) -- ++(-1,0) to[curved capacitor, l_=$C_3$] ++(0,-2.5) node[circ]{}
-- ++(-3,0);
\draw (Q1.G) --++ (0,-1) to[square voltage source, l_=$PWM$] ++(0,-2) node[ground]{};
\draw (10,0) node[circ]{} -- ++(0,-1.75) node[ground]{};
\draw (9,2.5) node[circ]{} -- ++(-1.33,0) -- ++(0,-3.25) -- ++ (-3.67,0) node[vcc, rotate=90, label={\qquad\qquad feedback}]{};
\end{circuitikz}
\end{center}
\caption{SEPIC circuit diagram}
\label{f1}
\end{figure}

\section{Introduction}

The SEPIC is one of a number of regulated switching power supply topologies, among which are included various versions of Buck, Boost, Buck--Boost, Flyback, Zeta and \'Cuk\footnote{Named after the prolific Serbo-Croatian--American inventor Slobodan \'Cuk of the California Institute of Technology.} DC-to-DC converters, to name a few.

\section{Discussion of the SEPIC topology}

If the inductors $L_1$ and $L_2$ in Figure~\ref{f1} are coupled, or wound on the same iron core as indicated by the black dots in the diagram, then the capacitors $C_1$ and $C_2$ are essentially placed in parallel, and one or the other may be removed without affecting the circuit much, because the inductance in canceled out for any electric current flowing through $L_1$ and back the opposite way through $L_2$. Nevertheless, the capacitors $C_1$ and $C_2$ as placed serve to protect the power MOSFET $Q_1$ from transient ``spikes'' in the inductive windings.

When $Q_1$ is switched on by the $PWM$, the current through $L_1$ increases, and when $Q_1$ is switched off, the remaining magnetic flux in the iron core forces the current through the other winding $L_2$ past the diode $D_1$ to keep the capacitor $C_3$ charged and continue supplying power to the load resistance $R_1$. This is omitting $C_2$ from consideration, and depending on mutual inductance alone.

However the circuit will still function if the inductors $L_1$ and $L_2$ are \textit{not} coupled and $C_2$ is present. In this case, $C_2$ is discharged by current flowing through $L_2$ when $Q_1$ is switched on, and additional supply current is admitted through $L_1$. Now when $Q_1$ is switched off, $C_2$ is charged again by current continuing through $L_1$, and the current that was flowing through $L_2$ as $C_2$ was discharging is suddenly switched and forced through the diode $D_1$ instead.

When the inductors $L_1$ and $L_2$ are coupled, and $C_2$ is present, there is additional redundancy, stability, and reliability for the circuit.

\section{Calculating the duty cycle of the PWM}

A simple way to figure out the duty cycle of the pulse width modulator needed to produce the desired potential at the output is to consider that the mean potential at the drain of $Q_1$ over the switching cycle must be equal to the input potential $V_1$, and that potential is equal to zero, or the forward voltage drop of the transistor during the time when it is on, which we want as small as possible. That potential must then be high enough during the time when the transistor is off to average out to the correct value over the entire clock cycle $T$. Let $\tau$ be the pulse width, or the time when the power transistor $Q_1$ is turned on and conducting electricity between its source and drain:

$$
\overline{V_Q} = V_1; \qquad V_{Q_\textrm{on}}=0;
\qquad V_{Q_\textrm{off}} = \frac{TV_1}{T-\tau}.
$$

Now consider the operating potential $V_P$ at the anode of diode $D_1$. At all times, $V_P$ is less than the potential $V_Q$ at the transistor drain by a difference equal to the input potential $V_1$.

$$
V_P = V_Q - V_1.
$$

So

$$
\overline{V_P} = 0; \qquad V_{P_\textrm{on}}=-V_1;
\qquad V_{P_\textrm{off}} = \frac{\tau V_1}{T-\tau}.
$$

Increasing the duty cycle $\tau/T$ will increase the potential $V_{P_\textrm{off}}$ which is available at the output less the forward drop through the diode $D_1$, but it will correspondingly decrease the clock-cycle-averaged current available at the increased potential. A Pulse Width Modulator with a feedback loop will assist in maintaining a stable output potential from a variable input potential from solar panels.

\section{Size and scale of systems proposed}

We propose off-grid solar electric power systems for use by ``sovereign citizens'' or ``freemen on the land'' (or even banks or broker houses that desire back-up power and money savings at the city electric meter) with about a dozen solar panels rated at 18V and 200W each, all connected in parallel to serve a common automotive-like 12V electrical system for which many accessories are commonly available, as well as inverters to generate 110VAC if desired.

\section{Selection of components and bill of materials}

The selection of components is based on how much ``'ripple voltage'' and possible overheating of components we are willing to tolerate versus how much money we can afford and are willing to spend on bigger and better components for reliability and smoothness of the power supply system.

\subsection{Power MOSFETs or IGBTs}

For $Q_1$ in Figure~\ref{f1}, the Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 \cite{IXFN520N075T2} or the Vishay VS-FC420SA10 \cite{VS-FC420SA10} might be useful. IGBTs are better than MOSFETs for higher frequency switching but are much less desireable for a low-voltage system because of the forward voltage drop. Power MOSFETs may also require a higher gate voltage to turn on.

\subsection{Power Schottky rectifier diodes}

The ST Microelectronics STPS200170TV1 \cite{STPS200170TV1} and the Vishay VS-203CNQ100PbF \cite{VS-203CNQ100PbF} are likely candidates.

\subsection{Power audio capacitors}

We suggest using power audio capacitors from a music supply store \cite{apmcap,bossaudiocap} for the capacitors $C_1$, $C_2$ and $C_3$ in Figure~\ref{f1}, and certainly for that matter our proposed system will be capable of powering the high-end stereo systems offered at those stores. Check ratings carefully for use with 18--24 V. It may be possible to use two identical capacitors in series to double the voltage rating. Some care will be needed to switch them on to avoid a short-circuit inrush current.

\subsection{Heavy iron inductors and power chokes}

Inductors and chokes are to be wound by hand with varnished magnet wire of adquate gauge on suitably heavy toroidal cores of laminated mild electrical steel or ferrite to prevent saturation in normal use. The use of closed toroidal cores reduces radio and audio systems interference.

\subsection{Pulse Width Modulators}

We suggest a Texas Instruments line-up of pulse width modulators depending on the desired frequency.

\subsubsection{High frequency}

The LM515xx series \cite{LM5155,LM51551,LM5156H,LM51561,LM51561H} of pulse width modulators offer a dynamically programmable switching frequency ranging from 100 kHz to 2.2 MHz. Switching in the megahertz range for our application may incur excessive power losses and inefficiency in the large power MOSFETs \cite{STPS200170TV1,VS-203CNQ100PbF}.

\subsubsection{Medium frequency}

The TL5001xx series PWMs \cite{TL5001,TL5001A,TL5001M,TL5001AM} operate in the range of 20 kHz to 500 kHz.

\subsubsection{Low frequency}

The LM555 \cite{LM555} or similar ICs from many manufacturers may be used for frequencies below 20 kHz, but the 555 is a general purpose timer which will require additional customization and circuitry to use specifically for pulse width modulation.
\subsection{The feedback loop}

There needs to be a stable and reliable automated method of adjusting the duty cycle of the PWM up and down between certain limits based on the difference between the desired correct output voltage and the actual output voltage measured.

\printbibliography
\end{document}

</syntaxhighlight>