Solar systems - Revision history

Rational Point: /* Charge controller */ Zener Diode Regulator with Transistor Current Buffer

2026-04-20T04:45:04Z

Charge controller: Zener Diode Regulator with Transistor Current Buffer

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:45, 20 April 2026
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	Capacitance, inductance and transistor performance characteristics, etc. of all component parts should be carefully measured and verified with appropriate field or bench test equipment.		Capacitance, inductance and transistor performance characteristics, etc. of all component parts should be carefully measured and verified with appropriate field or bench test equipment.

			A Zener diode with a resistor and a transistor <ref> ''Zener Diode Regulator with Transistor Current Buffer.'' 2015-08-26. https://www.digikey.com/en/maker/tutorials/2016/zener-diode-regulator-with-transistor-current-buffers</ref> may be helpful as a logic-level voltage supply for the charge controller itself to enable "wide ''V<sub>in</sub>''" functionality for integrated circuit power directly from the solar panels under varying sunlight conditions.

	=== Component selection and Bill of Materials ===		=== Component selection and Bill of Materials ===

Rational Point: link

2026-04-13T23:45:28Z

link

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:45, 13 April 2026
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	=== Component selection and Bill of Materials ===		=== Component selection and Bill of Materials ===

			''See [[File:SEPIC.pdf]] for details.''

	The heart of the controller is a Pulse Width Modulation chip <ref>Some manufacturers and corporations will not like our attitude for referring to their integrated circuits as "chips" for sure, but at pawn shops and online auction sites selling jewelry and electronics one should not be ashamed to call them that. We have no opinions on offers of free samples direct from manufacturers or wholesalers, other than that they apparently contact local cops to enforce a litany of unwritten rules and unspoken codes sometimes pertaining to "intellectual property" by which hobbyists as opposed to professionals are supposed to abide.</ref> like the Texas Instruments TL5001AMJG <ref>PWM Controller with wide input range, with ±3% tolerance on reference, operation –55°C to 125°C https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001AM</ref>. These particular integrated circuits operate in a wide range between 3 and 40 volts, and also come in radiation-hardened versions, which suggests that they were used for solar panels to power satellites launched into outer space decades ago, many of which are still in service today.		The heart of the controller is a Pulse Width Modulation chip <ref>Some manufacturers and corporations will not like our attitude for referring to their integrated circuits as "chips" for sure, but at pawn shops and online auction sites selling jewelry and electronics one should not be ashamed to call them that. We have no opinions on offers of free samples direct from manufacturers or wholesalers, other than that they apparently contact local cops to enforce a litany of unwritten rules and unspoken codes sometimes pertaining to "intellectual property" by which hobbyists as opposed to professionals are supposed to abide.</ref> like the Texas Instruments TL5001AMJG <ref>PWM Controller with wide input range, with ±3% tolerance on reference, operation –55°C to 125°C https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001AM</ref>. These particular integrated circuits operate in a wide range between 3 and 40 volts, and also come in radiation-hardened versions, which suggests that they were used for solar panels to power satellites launched into outer space decades ago, many of which are still in service today.

Rational Point: /* Component selection and Bill of Materials */

2026-04-03T15:55:01Z

Component selection and Bill of Materials

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:55, 3 April 2026
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	The heart of the controller is a Pulse Width Modulation chip <ref>Some manufacturers and corporations will not like our attitude for referring to their integrated circuits as "chips" for sure, but at pawn shops and online auction sites selling jewelry and electronics one should not be ashamed to call them that. We have no opinions on offers of free samples direct from manufacturers or wholesalers, other than that they apparently contact local cops to enforce a litany of unwritten rules and unspoken codes sometimes pertaining to "intellectual property" by which hobbyists as opposed to professionals are supposed to abide.</ref> like the Texas Instruments TL5001AMJG <ref>PWM Controller with wide input range, with ±3% tolerance on reference, operation –55°C to 125°C https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001AM</ref>. These particular integrated circuits operate in a wide range between 3 and 40 volts, and also come in radiation-hardened versions, which suggests that they were used for solar panels to power satellites launched into outer space decades ago, many of which are still in service today.		The heart of the controller is a Pulse Width Modulation chip <ref>Some manufacturers and corporations will not like our attitude for referring to their integrated circuits as "chips" for sure, but at pawn shops and online auction sites selling jewelry and electronics one should not be ashamed to call them that. We have no opinions on offers of free samples direct from manufacturers or wholesalers, other than that they apparently contact local cops to enforce a litany of unwritten rules and unspoken codes sometimes pertaining to "intellectual property" by which hobbyists as opposed to professionals are supposed to abide.</ref> like the Texas Instruments TL5001AMJG <ref>PWM Controller with wide input range, with ±3% tolerance on reference, operation –55°C to 125°C https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001AM</ref>. These particular integrated circuits operate in a wide range between 3 and 40 volts, and also come in radiation-hardened versions, which suggests that they were used for solar panels to power satellites launched into outer space decades ago, many of which are still in service today.

	The Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2<ref>Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 https://www.littelfuse.com/products/power-semiconductors-control-ics/mosfets-si-sic/n-channel-trench-gate/gen2/ixfn520n075t2</ref><ref>Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 Datasheet https://www.littelfuse.com/assetdocs/littelfuse-discrete-mosfets-ixfn520n075t2-datasheet?assetguid=8706a9d1-94c2-4e6f-8277-46cab5c71388</ref> power MOSFET "trench gate" is essentially rated to handle 480A in the on state and 75V in the off state. The Vishay VS-FC420SA10 <ref>VS-FC420SA10 Product Information https://www.vishay.com/en/product/95793/</ref><ref>Vishay VS-FC420SA10 Datasheet https://www.vishay.com/docs/95793/vs-fc420sa10.pdf</ref> is another brand of power MOSFET rated to carry 435A when on or hold 100V when off. It comes in the same form factor, an SOT-227 which looks and acts like a miniature clothes iron, and requires an excellent heat sink rated for switching losses and forward voltage drop at the rated current. It would appear that if either of these devices functions as advertised, you could easily start an automobile with the electric current they are rated for handling if you wired one of them up in place of a solenoid for the starter motor.		The Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2<ref>Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 https://www.littelfuse.com/products/power-semiconductors-control-ics/mosfets-si-sic/n-channel-trench-gate/gen2/ixfn520n075t2</ref><ref>Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 Datasheet https://www.littelfuse.com/assetdocs/littelfuse-discrete-mosfets-ixfn520n075t2-datasheet?assetguid=8706a9d1-94c2-4e6f-8277-46cab5c71388</ref> power MOSFET "trench gate" is essentially rated to handle 480A in the on state and 75V in the off state. The Vishay VS-FC420SA10 <ref>VS-FC420SA10 Product Information https://www.vishay.com/en/product/95793/</ref><ref>Vishay VS-FC420SA10 Datasheet https://www.vishay.com/docs/95793/vs-fc420sa10.pdf</ref> is another brand of power MOSFET rated to carry 435A when on or hold 100V when off. It comes in the same form factor, an SOT-227 which looks and acts like a miniature clothes iron, and requires an excellent heat sink rated for switching losses and forward voltage drop at the rated current. It would appear that if either of these devices functions as advertised, you could easily start an automobile with the electric current they are rated for handling if you wired one of them up in place of a solenoid for the starter motor. As far as we can tell, this can actually be done, except that the high power MOSFETS require 10V to drive the gate, and the drawdown on a 12V car battery from the starting current will reduce the voltage below the gate actuation level.

			Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)<ref>Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) https://toshiba.semicon-storage.com/us/semiconductor/knowledge/e-learning/discrete/chap3/chap3-16.html
			</ref><ref>Comparison of Forward Characteristics of IGBTs and MOSFETs
			https://toshiba.semicon-storage.com/us/semiconductor/knowledge/e-learning/discrete/chap3/chap3-21.html</ref> are another option for the high power current switching needed for the Buck-Boost or SEPIC controllers that need to be used for regulating the voltage from variably sunlit photovoltaic cells to a usable level.

			[[Category:Electronics]]

	== Batteries ==		== Batteries ==
	tbd ...		tbd ...

Rational Point: /* Component selection and Bill of Materials */ alternative power MOSFET

2026-04-02T16:34:05Z

Component selection and Bill of Materials: alternative power MOSFET

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 2 April 2026
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	The heart of the controller is a Pulse Width Modulation chip <ref>Some manufacturers and corporations will not like our attitude for referring to their integrated circuits as "chips" for sure, but at pawn shops and online auction sites selling jewelry and electronics one should not be ashamed to call them that. We have no opinions on offers of free samples direct from manufacturers or wholesalers, other than that they apparently contact local cops to enforce a litany of unwritten rules and unspoken codes sometimes pertaining to "intellectual property" by which hobbyists as opposed to professionals are supposed to abide.</ref> like the Texas Instruments TL5001AMJG <ref>PWM Controller with wide input range, with ±3% tolerance on reference, operation –55°C to 125°C https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001AM</ref>. These particular integrated circuits operate in a wide range between 3 and 40 volts, and also come in radiation-hardened versions, which suggests that they were used for solar panels to power satellites launched into outer space decades ago, many of which are still in service today.		The heart of the controller is a Pulse Width Modulation chip <ref>Some manufacturers and corporations will not like our attitude for referring to their integrated circuits as "chips" for sure, but at pawn shops and online auction sites selling jewelry and electronics one should not be ashamed to call them that. We have no opinions on offers of free samples direct from manufacturers or wholesalers, other than that they apparently contact local cops to enforce a litany of unwritten rules and unspoken codes sometimes pertaining to "intellectual property" by which hobbyists as opposed to professionals are supposed to abide.</ref> like the Texas Instruments TL5001AMJG <ref>PWM Controller with wide input range, with ±3% tolerance on reference, operation –55°C to 125°C https://www.ti.com/product/TL5001AM</ref>. These particular integrated circuits operate in a wide range between 3 and 40 volts, and also come in radiation-hardened versions, which suggests that they were used for solar panels to power satellites launched into outer space decades ago, many of which are still in service today.

	The Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2<ref>Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 https://www.littelfuse.com/products/power-semiconductors-control-ics/mosfets-si-sic/n-channel-trench-gate/gen2/ixfn520n075t2</ref><ref>Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 Datasheet https://www.littelfuse.com/assetdocs/littelfuse-discrete-mosfets-ixfn520n075t2-datasheet?assetguid=8706a9d1-94c2-4e6f-8277-46cab5c71388</ref> power MOSFET "trench gate" is essentially rated to handle 480A in the on state and 75V in the off state.		The Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2<ref>Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 https://www.littelfuse.com/products/power-semiconductors-control-ics/mosfets-si-sic/n-channel-trench-gate/gen2/ixfn520n075t2</ref><ref>Littelfuse/IXYS IXFN520N075T2 Datasheet https://www.littelfuse.com/assetdocs/littelfuse-discrete-mosfets-ixfn520n075t2-datasheet?assetguid=8706a9d1-94c2-4e6f-8277-46cab5c71388</ref> power MOSFET "trench gate" is essentially rated to handle 480A in the on state and 75V in the off state. The Vishay VS-FC420SA10 <ref>VS-FC420SA10 Product Information https://www.vishay.com/en/product/95793/</ref><ref>Vishay VS-FC420SA10 Datasheet https://www.vishay.com/docs/95793/vs-fc420sa10.pdf</ref> is another brand of power MOSFET rated to carry 435A when on or hold 100V when off. It comes in the same form factor, an SOT-227 which looks and acts like a miniature clothes iron, and requires an excellent heat sink rated for switching losses and forward voltage drop at the rated current. It would appear that if either of these devices functions as advertised, you could easily start an automobile with the electric current they are rated for handling if you wired one of them up in place of a solenoid for the starter motor.

	== Batteries ==		== Batteries ==
	tbd ...		tbd ...

Rational Point: /* Charge controller */ TL5001AMJG vs. LM51561HPWPR

2026-03-31T17:23:52Z

Charge controller: TL5001AMJG vs. LM51561HPWPR

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 31 March 2026
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	==Charge controller==		==Charge controller==
	[[File:Ss-1.svg\|alt=Solar Cell System with Charge Controller and Battery\|thumb\|Solar Cell System with Charge Controller and Battery]]		[[File:Ss-1.svg\|alt=Solar Cell System with Charge Controller and Battery\|thumb\|Solar Cell System with Charge Controller and Battery (using TI TL5001AMJG)]]
			[[File:Ss-2.svg\|alt=Solar Cell System with Charge Controller and Battery\|thumb\|Solar Cell System with Charge Controller and Battery (using TI LM51561HPWPR)]]

	We find that off-the-shelf charge controllers are over-rated and overpriced, and we propose building one from scratch with adequate safety margins for high household power requirements.		We find that off-the-shelf charge controllers are over-rated and overpriced, and we propose building one from scratch with adequate safety margins for high household power requirements.

	A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.		A Buck-Boost Converter <ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) <ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.

	An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The laminated iron core should be "tanned" with oak gall and waxed with beeswax and/or lacquered with boiled linseed oil to form insulative layers of oxide and wax or lacquer between the layers of steel, so that the transformer will not short out between the layers of steel and melt down under load. The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick. Take care that wire windings are smooth and not bent or creased on sharp corners.		An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The laminated iron core should be "tanned" with oak gall and waxed with beeswax and/or lacquered with boiled linseed oil to form insulative layers of oxide and wax or lacquer between the layers of steel, so that the transformer will not short out between the layers of steel and melt down under load. The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick. Take care that wire windings are smooth and not bent or creased on sharp corners.

Rational Point: /* Charge controller */

2026-03-29T06:22:00Z

Charge controller

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:22, 29 March 2026
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	A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.		A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.

	An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The laminated iron core should be "tanned" with oak gall and lacquered with boiled linseed oil to form insulative layers of oxide and wax between the layers of steel, so that the transformer will not short out between the layers of steel and melt down under load. The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick. Take care that wire windings are smooth and not bent or creased on sharp corners.		An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The laminated iron core should be "tanned" with oak gall and waxed with beeswax and/or lacquered with boiled linseed oil to form insulative layers of oxide and wax or lacquer between the layers of steel, so that the transformer will not short out between the layers of steel and melt down under load. The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick. Take care that wire windings are smooth and not bent or creased on sharp corners.

	Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.		Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.

Rational Point: /* Charge controller */ linseed oil

2026-03-29T06:20:51Z

Charge controller: linseed oil

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:20, 29 March 2026
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	A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.		A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.

	An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The laminated iron core should be "tanned" with oak gall and ~~waxed~~ with ~~beeswax~~ to form insulative layers of oxide and wax between the layers of steel, so that the transformer will not short out between the layers of steel and melt down under load. The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick. Take care that wire windings are smooth and not bent or creased on sharp corners.		An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The laminated iron core should be "tanned" with oak gall and lacquered with boiled linseed oil to form insulative layers of oxide and wax between the layers of steel, so that the transformer will not short out between the layers of steel and melt down under load. The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick. Take care that wire windings are smooth and not bent or creased on sharp corners.

	Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.		Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.

Rational Point: /* Charge controller */

2026-03-29T06:19:05Z

Charge controller

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:19, 29 March 2026
Line 34:		Line 34:
	A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.		A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.

	An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick.		An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The laminated iron core should be "tanned" with oak gall and waxed with beeswax to form insulative layers of oxide and wax between the layers of steel, so that the transformer will not short out between the layers of steel and melt down under load. The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick. Take care that wire windings are smooth and not bent or creased on sharp corners.

	Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.		Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.

Rational Point: /* Charge controller */ mild steel

2026-03-28T09:54:48Z

Charge controller: mild steel

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:54, 28 March 2026
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	A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.		A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.

	An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft malleable iron that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick.		An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft tempered malleable iron or mild steel that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick.

	Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.		Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.

Rational Point: /* Charge controller */ annealed copper

2026-03-28T09:42:08Z

Charge controller: annealed copper

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:42, 28 March 2026
Line 34:		Line 34:
	A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.		A Buck-Boost Converter<ref>Buck-Boost Converter: What is it? (Formula and Circuit Diagram) https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/</ref> or Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC)<ref>SEPIC Converters https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/learning/mpscholar/power-electronics/dc-dc-converters/sepic-converters</ref><ref>Dongbing Zhang. "AN-1484 Designing A SEPIC Converter." Application Report SNVA168E – May 2006 – Revised April 2013. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snva168e/snva168e.pdf </ref> is typically used for this purpose.

	An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft malleable iron that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, ~~softly tempered~~, ~~smooth~~, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick.		An inductor, coil or transformer may be wound by hand using a adequate gauge of thinly insulated Tefzel or similar wire on a used or salvaged laminated or powdered iron core. The core of a transformer or inductor, if not powdered cerrite, must be made of thin layers of soft malleable iron that will swing the needle of a compass, and it should never be "quenched" or "saturated." The windings of wire on a homemade transformer or inductor should be of the purest copper, smoothly drawn, carefully annealed to a soft temper, ductile, and flexible, with the best quality of insulation that is not too thick.

	Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil.		Power capacitors of several farads in capacity are widely available and inexpensive, mostly intended for car stereos and audio systems. We suggest using wire of adequate size for the intended current-carrying capacity, while over-provisioning and de-rating cheap power electronics parts, and installing fast-blow fuses at strategic locations, taking care not to overcharge a capacitor or induce a flyback voltage in a large coil. We are not certain about quality but there are audiophiles who listen to music and demand such quality.

	High-power transistors, and even several transistors in parallel, may be used to control large electric currents.		High-power transistors, and even several transistors in parallel, may be used to control large electric currents.